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Ceylon (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Ceylon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gavin King</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2011 (2011)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.3.3

/ August 21, 2017 (2017-08-21)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_type_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Static type system">Static</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="Type_safety" title="Type safety">safe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.ceylon<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org">ceylon-lang.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Whiley_(programming_language)" title="Whiley (programming language)">Whiley</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Ceylon was an <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="Strong_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong typing">strongly</a> <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">statically typed</a> programming language with an emphasis on <a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutability</a>, created by <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>. Ceylon programs run on the <a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM), and could be compiled to <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

The language design focuses on <a href="Computer_programming#Readability_of_source_code" title="Computer programming">source code readability</a>, <a href="Predictability#Predictability_in_human–computer_interaction" title="Predictability">predictability</a>, <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">toolability</a>, <a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modularity</a>, and <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogrammability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Important features of Ceylon include:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<ul><li>A type system enforcing <a href="Null_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Null safety">null safety</a> and list element existence at compile time</li>

<li>Regular syntax and semantics, avoiding special cases and primitively-defined constructs in favor of <a href="Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a></li>

<li>Support for generic programming and metaprogramming, with <a href="Reification_(computer_science)" title="Reification (computer science)">reified</a> <a href="Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">generics</a></li>

<li>Modularity built into the language, based on <a href="WildFly" title="WildFly">JBoss modules</a>, interoperable with <a href="OSGi" title="OSGi">OSGi</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and <a href="Apache_Maven" title="Apache Maven">Maven</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li>

<li>powerful tools, including an Eclipse-based IDE<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul>

The name "Ceylon" is an oblique reference to Java, in that <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, formerly known as Ceylon, are islands known for growth and export of <a href="Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>.

In August 2017, Ceylon was donated to the <a href="Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a>. Development slowed down and finally stopped in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In April 2023, <a href="Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a> declared the termination of the transition.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_features">Language features</h2></div>

Ceylon is heavily influenced by <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>'s syntax, but adds many new features.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_system">Type system</h3></div>

One of the most novel aspects of Ceylon compared to Java is its <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a>. Ceylon foregoes Java's primitive types<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and <a href="Object_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Object type">boxing</a> in favor of a type system composed entirely of first-class objects. While this may cause boxing overhead in some situations, it makes the type system more uniform.

Ceylon allows for union and <a href="Intersection_type" title="Intersection type">intersection types</a>, in a similar fashion to <a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="Whiley_(programming_language)" title="Whiley (programming language)">Whiley</a> and Flow, which in fact, took the idea from Ceylon.

Union types, written <code>A|B</code>, allow a variable to have more than one type. The following example shows a Ceylon function which may take either an <a href="Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integer</a> or a <a href="String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ceylon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>shared void integerOrString(Integer|String input) {

if (is Integer input) {

print("Got the integer ``input``");

} else {

print("Got the string '``input``'");

}

}

</pre></div>

Intersection types, written <code>A&B</code>, are the theoretical foundation of <a href="Flow-sensitive_typing" title="Flow-sensitive typing">flow-sensitive typing</a>:

Integer added = input + 6; // illegal; the + operator is not defined on Integer|String

print("Got the integer ``input``");

} else {

print("Got the string '``input``'");

}

}

</pre></div>

The condition <code>is Integer input</code> narrows the type of <code>input</code> to <code><Integer|String> & Integer</code>,

which <a href="Distributive_property" title="Distributive property">distributes</a> to <code>Integer&Integer | String&Integer</code>,

which, as <code>String</code> and <code>Integer</code> are disjoint types, is equivalent to <code>Integer&Integer | Nothing</code> (<code>Nothing</code> is the empty bottom type),

which simplifies to just <code>Integer</code>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Null_safety">Null safety</h4></div>

Union and intersection types are used to provide <a href="Null_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Null safety">null safety</a>.

The top type of the Ceylon type hierarchy is the class <code>Anything</code>,

which has two subclasses: <code>Object</code>, the superclass of all normal classes and all interfaces, and <code>Null</code>, with the only instance <a href="Null_pointer" title="Null pointer"><code>null</code></a>.

Since <code>Object</code> and <code>Null</code> are disjoint types, most regular types like <code>Integer</code> or <code>List<String></code> are not nullable;

a <a href="Nullable_type" title="Nullable type">nullable type</a> is the union <code>Integer|Null</code>, abbreviated <code>Integer?</code>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

Intersection types can be used to get a non-optional type out of a possibly-optional type, such as a type parameter. For example, the signature of a function that removes <code>null</code> elements from a stream of values could be:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ceylon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Iterable<Element&Object> removeNulls<Element>(Iterable<Element> stream);

</pre></div>

When <code>removeNulls</code> is called with a stream of <code>Integer|Null</code> elements, the result will be a stream of <code><Integer|Null> & Object</code> elements, which simplifies to <code>Integer</code>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functions">Functions</h4></div>

Similarly to many modern languages, Ceylon supports <a href="First_class_function" class="mw-redirect" title="First class function">first class functions</a> and <a href="Higher_order_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher order function">higher order functions</a>, including function types and <a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ceylon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// A top-level higher-order function using block syntax (not associated with any user-created classes)

String process(String text, String transformString(String toChange)) {

return transformString(text);

}

// A top-level function calling String.reverse in expression form.

String reverse(String text) => text.reversed;

// A function reference to String.reversed but mostly equivalent to the function above.

String(String) reverseFunctionReference = String.reversed;

// An example where the top-level function above is provided as an argument to the higher-order function above

String reversed1 = process("one", reverse);

// An example where an anonymous function - (text) => text+text - is provided to the higher-order function above.

String reversed2 = process("one", (text) => text+text);

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enumerated_types">Enumerated types</h4></div>

Similar to Java and many other languages, and with a similar mechanism as <a href="Algebraic_data_type" title="Algebraic data type">algebraic types</a>, Ceylon supports <a href="Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">enumerated types</a>, otherwise known as enums. This is implemented in Ceylon with a pattern of limiting the instances of an abstract class at declaration to a limited set of objects (in this case, singleton instances). Another way to implement this pattern is with the new constructor feature in Ceylon 1.2 where the objects are implemented as different named constructor declarations.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ceylon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Traditional syntax for enumerated type, in this case, limiting the instances to three objects(for this purpose: Singletons)

abstract class Vehicle(shared String name) of plane | train | automobile {}

object plane extends Vehicle("plane") {}

object train extends Vehicle("train") {}

object automobile extends Vehicle("automobile") {}

// Compile error: type is not a subtype of any case of enumerated supertype: 'boat' inherits 'Vehicle'

//object boat extends Vehicle("boat") {}

// New (as of Ceylon 1.2.0) constructor-based syntax

class Vehicle of plane | train | automobile {

String name;

abstract new named(String pName) {

name = pName;

}

shared new plane extends named("plane") {}

shared new train extends named("train") {}

shared new automobile extends named("automobile") {}

// Compile error: value constructor does not occur in of clause of non-abstract enumerated class: 'boat' is not listed in the of clause of 'Vehicle'

//shared new boat extends named("boat") {}

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_inference">Type inference</h4></div>

Ceylon is strongly and statically typed, but also has support for <a href="Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a>.

The <code>value</code> keyword is used to infer the type of a variable,

and the <code>function</code> keyword is used to infer the type of a function.

The following two definition pairs are each equivalent:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ceylon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Integer i = 3;

value i = 3;

Integer add(Integer i1, Integer i2) {

return i1 + i2;

}

function add(Integer i1, Integer i2) {

}

</pre></div>

However, to make single-pass type inference possible, type inference is only allowed for non-toplevel and unshared declarations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_point_with_names">Entry point with names</h3></div>

By default the starter (<code>ceylon run</code>) runs the shared run() function of a module:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ceylon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* The classic Hello World program */

shared void run() {

print("Hello, World!");

}

</pre></div>

but any other shared function without parameters can be used as main calling the program with the run parameter, like this:

<code>ceylon run --compile=force --run hello default</code>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2></div>

Versions of Ceylon released:<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<ul><li>M1 0.1 "Newton" (Dec 20 2011)</li>

<li>M2 0.2 "Minitel" (Mar 2 2012)</li>

<li>M4 0.4 "Analytical Engine" (Oct 29 2012)</li>

<li>M6 0.6 "Virtual Boy" (Sep 23 2013)</li>

<li>1.0 beta "Virtual Boy" (Sep 24 2013)</li>

<li>1.1.0 "Ultimate Ship The Second" (Oct 09 2014)</li>

<li>1.2.0 "A Series of Unlikely Explanations" (Oct 28 2015)</li>

<li>1.2.1 "Irregular Apocalypse" (Feb 11 2016)</li>

<li>1.2.2 "Charming But Irrational" (Mar 11 2016)</li>

<li>1.3.0 "Total Internal Reflection" (Sep 19 2016)</li>

<li>1.3.2 "Smile Tolerantly" (Mar 02 2017)</li>

<li>1.3.3 "Contents May Differ" (Aug 21 2017)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="License">License</h2></div>

All parts of Ceylon are available as <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, mostly the <a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Part of the source code is licensed under LGPL.

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<ul><li><a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart (programming language)</a>, has its own VM, compiles to JS, type system not very strict, supports <a href="Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantom_(programming_language)" title="Fantom (programming language)">Fantom (programming language)</a>, compiles to JVM, type system not very strict, supports <a href="Mixin" title="Mixin">mixins</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/spec/html_single/#compilationunitstructure">"The Ceylon Language: §4.1 Compilation unit structure"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04. <q>A compilation unit is a text file, with the filename extension <code>.ceylon</code>.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/faq/#what_is_ceylon">"Frequently Asked Questions: What is Ceylon?"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04. <q>Ceylon is a new programming language that's deeply influenced by Java</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitter.im/ceylon/user?at=5660a7242cbea1d7054de9d9">"ceylon/user - Gitter"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitter.im/ceylon/user?at=5660a90e5057376520db6f8b">"ceylon/user - Gitter"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jaxenter.com/top-10-ceylon-language-features-java-wishes-it-had-108003.html">"Top 10 Ceylon language features Java wishes it had"</a>. Retrieved 2019-11-29.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/blog/2013/09/22/ceylon-1/">"Ceylon 1.0 beta"</a>. Retrieved 2013-09-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/04/13/red_hat_unveils_project_ceylon">"Project Ceylon – Red Hat builds Java replacement"</a>. <a href="The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2011-11-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing2012" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin (2012-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/blog/2012/01/10/goals/">"Principles that guide this project"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/faq/language-design/#goals">"FAQ about language design: Goals"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFestal2014" class="citation web cs1">Festal, David (2014-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/blog/2014/10/10/ceylon-osgi-jee/">"Write in Ceylon, deploy as OSGI, use in Java EE"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/reference/repository/maven/#maven_repositories">"Maven repositories"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/ide/features/">"Features of Ceylon IDE"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/eclipse-archived/ceylon">"ceylon / ceylon"</a>. GitHub, Inc. 2020-05-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003075404/https://github.com/eclipse-archived/ceylon">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2024-01-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.ceylon/reviews/termination-review">"Eclipse Ceylon™ Termination Review"</a>. Eclipse Foundation. 2023-04-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423134055/https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/technology.ceylon/reviews/termination-review">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 2023-04-23.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/faq/language-design/">"Ceylon: Language Design FAQ"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/spec/html_single/#compiletimesafety">"The Ceylon Language: §1.4.3 Compile-time safety for null values and flow-sensitive typing"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/spec/html/declarations.html#functions">"The Ceylon Language: 4.7 Functions"</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/spec/html/declarations.html#classeswithcases">"The Ceylon Language: 4.5.8 Enumerated classes"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Gavin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.2/spec/html_single/#typeinference">"The Ceylon Language: §3.2.9 Type inference"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ceylon-lang.org/download-archive/">https://ceylon-lang.org/download-archive/</a> Ceylon: Download Previous Ceylon versions

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceylon-lang.org/code/licenses">"Ceylon: Licenses"</a>. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceylon-lang.org/">Official website</a> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ceylon_(programming_language)&oldid=1255949649">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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